What is Mesothelioma? A Guide to Understanding this Rare Cancer

Last Updated on 14 January 2025

Mesothelioma is a rare but aggressive form of cancer, primarily associated with exposure to asbestos. Although cases are deemed rare, the condition presents considerable difficulties for those impacted and their loved ones. In the UK, where asbestos was commonly used until it was banned in 1999, it is essential to understand this deadly cancer. This guide delves into the causes, symptoms, treatment options, and preventive measures to equip you with vital information about this transformative disease.

Understanding Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is a cancer that develops in the mesothelium, which is the delicate layer of tissue that encases internal organs. It commonly happens in the pleura, which is the lining of the lungs, but it can also arise in the abdomen, heart, or testicles.

The disease is classified into four primary types according to where it occurs:-

Pleural Mesothelioma: Impacts the lung lining.
Peritoneal Mesothelioma: It develops in the lining of the abdomen.
Pericardial Mesothelioma: Occurs in the lining of the heart.
Testicular Mesothelioma: a rare type that impacts the lining of the testes.

Factors Leading to Mesothelioma

Asbestos exposure is the primary reason for mesothelioma cases in the UK. Once celebrated as a ‘miracle mineral’ due to its fire-resistant qualities, asbestos found extensive application in construction, shipbuilding, and manufacturing. When asbestos fibres are inhaled or ingested, they can become trapped in the mesothelium, leading to inflammation and, ultimately, cancer.

Other risk factors are:-

• Occupational exposure in fields such as construction, plumbing, and shipbuilding presents significant risks.
• Second-hand Exposure: Family members of workers who have been exposed to asbestos might come into contact with fibres that are carried home on their clothing.
• Living close to asbestos mines or demolition sites raises the risk of inhaling fibres.

 

 

Signs of Mesothelioma

Identifying symptoms early can enhance outcomes, although mesothelioma is frequently diagnosed at a later stage.

Initial signs consist of:-

• Ongoing cough
• Shortness of breath
• Discomfort in the chest or abdomen
• Tiredness

More severe symptoms might include:-

• Notable reduction in weight
• Abdominal swelling
• Fever or nighttime perspiration
• Challenges with swallowing

Due to the vague nature of symptoms, it is important to seek medical advice quickly if you have been exposed to asbestos in the past.

Different Types of Mesothelioma

1. Pleural Mesothelioma

This is the predominant type, representing approximately 90% of cases in the UK. It leads to symptoms such as fluid accumulation in the lungs (pleural effusion), chest discomfort, and challenges with breathing.

2. Peritoneal Mesothelioma

This type, while less common, still has a significant impact on the abdominal lining. Common signs are bloating, stomach discomfort, and digestive problems.

3. Pericardial Mesothelioma

A unique condition that forms in the lining of the heart, resulting in symptoms such as heart palpitations, chest pain, and fatigue.

4. Testicular Mesothelioma

A unique type, usually showing up as swelling or lumps in the scrotum.

Identifying Mesothelioma

Diagnosing mesothelioma requires several steps:-

1. Medical History – Assessing asbestos exposure.
2. Imaging tests to include X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs to identify any abnormalities.
3. A tissue sample is examined to verify the existence of cancer.
4. Blood tests can identify certain markers linked to mesothelioma.
5. Early diagnosis leads to improved treatment results.

 

 

Phases of Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma consists of four distinct stages:-

Stage 1: Cancer that is localised and presents with mild symptoms.
Stage 2: Involvement of adjacent tissues or lymph nodes.
Stage 3: Extensive spread to nearby organs.
Stage 4: Spread to distant areas of the body.

Options for Treatment

The approach to treatment in the UK varies based on the type and stage of mesothelioma, as well as the overall health of the patient.

1. Surgery

Surgical options consist of:-

• Pleurectomy/Decortication (P/D) involves the removal of the pleura and tumours while ensuring the lung remains intact.
• Extrapleural Pneumonectomy (EPP) is a surgical procedure that entails the removal of the lung along with the surrounding affected tissues, making it a more invasive option.
• Cytoreductive Surgery: This procedure focusses on excising tumours from the abdomen in cases of peritoneal mesothelioma.

2. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is frequently employed to reduce tumours and alleviate symptoms, serving as a fundamental aspect of mesothelioma treatment within the NHS.

3. Radiation Therapy

Targeted radiation can help ease symptoms and shrink tumour size, enhancing the patient’s comfort.

4. Emerging Treatments

Innovative therapies like immunotherapy and ongoing clinical trials can provide promising prospects for improved results. Patients can reach out to cancer centres in the UK to enquire about available trials.

Outlook and Survival Statistics

Survival rates for mesothelioma continue to be some of the lowest of all cancers, yet advancements in treatment are enhancing outcomes slightly.

• The typical survival time after diagnosis ranges from 6 to 21 months.
• Patients with peritoneal mesothelioma frequently experience improved outcomes thanks to innovative treatments such as heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC).
• Patients who are younger and diagnosed in the early stages tend to have better survival rates.

Living with Mesothelioma

Support systems play a crucial role for individuals facing mesothelioma.  Strategies for coping include:-

• Pain management can involve medications, physiotherapy, or alternative therapies such as acupuncture.
• Emotional support is available through charities such as Mesothelioma UK, which provide counselling and valuable resources.
• The UK government offers support through benefits such as the Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit (IIDB) for individuals who have been exposed to asbestos.

Ways to Prevent Mesothelioma

In the UK, strict regulations are in place to reduce asbestos risks, yet those in older buildings or involved in renovations should stay alert.

Tips for prevention include:-

1. Make sure to perform asbestos surveys prior to any construction or demolition activities in all domestic and commercial property built Pre 2000.
2. It is important to hire licensed professionals for the removal of asbestos.
3. Always use protective equipment when dealing with materials that may contain asbestos.

Understanding Mesothelioma and Its Legal Implications

In the UK, patients diagnosed with mesothelioma frequently seek compensation due to asbestos exposure.

• Personal Injury Claims: Employers that did not ensure the safety of their workers could face liability.
• Asbestos Trust Funds: These offer financial support to individuals impacted by the actions of careless companies.
• Legal Aid: Expert solicitors provide support for claims without any initial fees.

Statistics on Mesothelioma In the United Kingdom

• Each year, approximately 2,700 new cases are identified.
• Men, especially those in fields such as construction, shipbuilding and military, are more impacted, although there is a rising number of cases among women.
• High mortality rates continue to be a pressing issue, highlighting the critical need for awareness and prevention efforts.

Increasing Understanding and awareness

Education and advocacy are essential in the fight against this rare cancer.

• Mesothelioma Awareness Day (September 26^th 2025) – Encourages public knowledge and advocacy.
• Charity Work –  Organisations such as Mesothelioma UK offer essential support for patients and their families.
• Engaging with the community to raise awareness about the dangers of asbestos and the necessary safety precautions is vital.

In summary

Mesothelioma continues to pose a major health challenge in the UK, yet increased awareness, early diagnosis, and new treatment options provide a sense of optimism. Through increasing awareness and backing research efforts, we can strive for a future where this devastating form of cancer is less common and easier to manage.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is mesothelioma?

Mesothelioma is an uncommon form of cancer that is mainly triggered by exposure to asbestos, impacting the lining of internal organs.

2. How prevalent is mesothelioma in the UK?

The UK has one of the highest rates of mesothelioma, although it is rare, largely due to past asbestos use.

3. Is there a cure for mesothelioma?

While a cure is not available, various treatments can enhance quality of life and prolong survival.

4. Who qualifies for compensation in the UK?

Employees who have been exposed to asbestos under hazardous conditions might qualify for financial compensation.

5. What are the ways to prevent exposure to asbestos?

Adhere to UK regulations, steer clear of disturbing asbestos materials, and seek professional guidance for safe removal.

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